Meanwhile, vitamin K plays a vital role in blood clotting (3). Moreover, the study had a high drop-out rate of 51%, and only 52 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. Vitamin D plays a role in reducing inflammation and assisting in cell growth and immune function (4). It makes sense for them to be grouped together because they share a lot of common traits.. Witham M.D., Lees J.S., White M., Band M., Bell S., Chantler D.J., Ford I., Fulton R.L., Kennedy G., Littleford R.C.
Do You Need Vitamin K with D3? - SupplementsYouCanTrust After analyzing 10 years of medical tests on more than 2,700 men and women, the Hopkins researchers . By activating VKDPs, vitamin K (a group of fat-soluble vitamins) is implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism, blood coagulation, and vascular health. Selenium and vitamin E work together to prevent nutritional muscular dystrophy (commonly called white muscle disease), retained placentas and to reduce . Detection of coronary and peripheral artery calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4, with and without diabetes. Lomashvili K.A., Garg P., Narisawa S., Millan J.L., ONeill W.C. Upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphate hydrolysis: Potential mechanism for uremic vascular calcification. and E.D. Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument. Vitamin K2, however, may be an effective supplement because it isnt used up by your body as quickly. conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study (VIKI) that included 387 HD patients from eighteen Italian dialysis centers; they found that HD patients with calcification of the iliac arteries exhibited significantly decreased circulating levels of vitamin K2 and MK-7, while no difference was found regarding vitamin K1 and MK-4 levels [73]. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Reynolds J.L., Joannides A.J., Skepper J.N., McNair R., Schurgers L.J., Proudfoot D., Jahnen-Dechent W., Weissberg P.L., Shanahan C.M. enrolled a larger sample size of 200 HD patients and randomly divided them to three parallel groups receiving 360, 720 and 1080 g of MK-7 thrice weekly (which translates roughly to 154, 308 or 464 g/day) for two months, and found that dp-ucMGP was decreased by 17%, 33% and 46%, respectively, in the three groups [80]. Additionally, some research suggests that vitamin K2 supplements may be beneficial for some people. Therefore, we need to consume it from outside sources, like foods or supplements. And its true that calcium is an important part of bone health. J. Natl. May help improve bone health and lower your risk of osteoporosis. Vitamin D helps prevent calcium buildup in the blood vessels.
Vitamin K Supplement Along with Vitamin D and Calcium Reduced Serum Based on animal studies and the role vitamin K2 plays in bone metabolism, its reasonable to assume that this nutrient affects dental health as well. In a study by Schlieper et al., the authors reported that in 17 HD patients, daily supplementation with 135 g of MK-7 for 1.5 months caused a modest 27% reduction in dp-ucMGP levels [72]. Although the 90 patients were initially divided into groups, only 72 completed the study. It is seen especially among older women and strongly raises the risk of fractures. Levey A.S., Beto J.A., Coronado B.E., Eknoyan G., Foley R.N., Kasiske B.L., Klag M.J., Mailloux L.U., Manske C.L., Meyer K.B. The circulating inactive form of matrix gla protein is a surrogate marker for vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A preliminary report. Vitamin K. Fact sheet for health professionals. In addition to its positive effects on blood clotting and strong bones, vitamin K helps keeps your heart healthy. The first epidemiological studies used food questionnaires to assess daily intake of vitamin K; however, this method has certain limitations. Schlieper G., Westenfeld R., Brandenburg V., Ketteler M. Inhibitors of calcification in blood and urine. For example, vitamin K2 plays a vital role in: However, because the more popular vitamin K1 has long overshadowed vitamin K2, many of us arent aware of the importance of this nutrient. When it comes to calcium metabolism, vitamins D and K work together. For more than a century, arterial calcification was believed to be a passive, progressive and untreatable process of calcium accumulation in the arterial walls. All newborns receive vitamin K injections to prevent the possibility of bleeding, particularly in the brain. The absorption of vitamin K1 is pretty low because of its structure. Whereas, vitamin K2 also promotes bone and heart health. Table 1 summarizes the interventional clinical studies of vitamin K supplementation on arterial calcification and stiffness in CKD and ESKD populations. Its exciting to see that were learning more all the time about vitamin K2 and its potential, Zumpano says. Vitamin K isnt unique in this regard.
How Vitamins and Minerals Work Together Bump Vitamins A study of participants (both men and women) in the large Framingham Heart Study also showed a link between low vitamin K intake and increased risk of hip fractures. In other words, it promotes the calcification of bones and prevents the calcification of blood vessels and kidneys (3). There is scientific rationale for looking at the association between vitamin K, bone density and fracture risk, says rheumatologist Chad Deal, MD. However, three decades ago this perspective changed significantly and it became evident that the calcification of arteries is not a degenerative but rather an active process starting with the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [14], a process similar to bone formation. Because a healthy intake of vitamin K2 is rare in the western diet, its unlikely that well be able to consume the recommended dietary intake from food sources alone. Matrix GLA protein modulates differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in C3H10T1/2 cells. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-Consumer/. Calcium-sensing receptor activation in chronic kidney disease: Effects beyond parathyroid hormone control. Hortells L., Sosa C., Guillen N., Lucea S., Millan A., Sorribas V. Identifying early pathogenic events during vascular calcification in uremic rats. Finding effective prevention strategies is of utmost importance. Moreover, in experimental models, vitamin K deficiency (achieved by the use of the vitamin K antagonist warfarin) was accompanied by an abrupt increase in dp-ucMGP and accelerated calcification; after supplementation with high doses of vitamin K, however, MGP was activated, dp-ucMGP levels were suppressed, and calcification status was reduced by 37% [42]. Nitta K., Akiba T., Uchida K., Kawashima A., Yumura W., Kabaya T., Nihei H. The progression of vascular calcification and serum osteoprotegerin levels in patients on long-term hemodialysis. The site is secure. Blog Supplementing vitamin D3 and K2 comes with all the benefits of vitamin D and vitamin K, but also some unique health benefits that are only unlocked when these two vitamins are used together. Still, the average intake of this important nutrient is incredibly low in the modern diet. Gut bacteria in your large intestine also produced vitamin K2. 3 min. Association of vitamin K with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hermans M.M., Vermeer C., Kooman J.P., Brandenburg V., Ketteler M., Gladziwa U., Rensma P.L., Leunissen K.M., Schurgers L.J. Sodium Calcium Iron A nutrient that yields no energy and is required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms per day) is a Macronutrient Micronutrient Micronutrient An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a provitamin precursor Calcium is an essential mineral thats primarily known for its role in supporting bone health. While the daily recommended amount of vitamin K for healthy subjects is 90120 g [78], the exact dosage of vitamin K intake for activation of MGP in populations with vitamin K deficiency, such as CKD patients, has not yet been defined. Vitamins D and K are both fat-soluble vitamins that play a crucial role in bone and heart health (3,4). What is calcium? Vitamin K2, which is predominantly produced by bacteria, is further divided into subgroups named MK4 to MK13. In the same study, the authors analyzed data from a cohort of 1051 type 2 diabetic mellitus ESKD patients undergoing maintenance HD and found that patients receiving a combination of atorvastatin with a proton pump inhibitor had the highest circulating levels of PIVKA-II, an established marker of poor vitamin K status. In order to assess a possible association between vitamin K status and CV outcomes, Chen et al. The main type is called phylloquinone, found in green leafy vegetables like collard greens, kale, and spinach. Vitamin K is a group of nutrients divided into vitamins K1 and K2. In CKD, vitamin K deficiency is highly prevalent, starts early, progresses along with disease progression to ESKD, and increases the risk of accelerated VC and CV morbidity and mortality. The clinical significance of parathyroid tissue calcium sensing receptor gene polymorphisms and expression levels in end-stage renal disease patients. Vitamin K was initially discovered as a nutrient involved in blood clotting. As a result, you may benefit much more from eating vitamin K2 directly. However, we expect that the results of several intensive ongoing trials will shed light on this area of research. Some scientists have suggested that the roles of vitamins K1 and K2 are quite different, and many feel that they should be classified as separate nutrients altogether.
; writingoriginal draft preparation, S.R. Calcium deposits contribute to the development of plaque, so vitamin K does a lot of good for your heart health.. At this point, researchers have yet to determine if vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 are equally responsible for clotting or if one is any more effective than the other when it comes to blood clotting. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, No effect on VC, vascular stiffness or cardiac valve calcification. This is useful because the amount of vitamin K1 in a typical diet is ten times that of vitamin K2. Sweatt A., Sane D.C., Hutson S.M., Wallin R. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in aortic calcified lesions of aging rats. Whereas vitamin K1 is quickly filtered out of your blood often within a matter of hours, vitamin K2 has the potential to be longer-lasting. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Out of 13 studies, only one failed to show significant improvement. Thamratnopkoon S., Susantitaphong P., Tumkosit M., Katavetin P., Tiranathanagul K., Praditpornsilpa K., Eiam-Ong S. Correlations of Plasma Desphosphorylated Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein with Vascular Calcification and Vascular Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease. De Vriese A.S., Caluw R., Pyfferoen L., De Bacquer D., De Boeck K., Delanote J., De Surgeloose D., Van Hoenacker P., Van Vlem B., Verbeke F. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of vitamin K antagonist replacement by rivaroxaban with or without vitamin K2 in hemodialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: The Valkyrie Study. Still, there is a highly believable biological mechanism for its effectiveness and strong positive correlations with heart health in observational studies. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? Whereas vitamin K1 is abundant in leafy greens and other health foods, vitamin K2 is found in a lot of foods that arent typically recommended as part of a heart-healthy diet. Facts About Vitamin D, Calcium, and Fractures Vitamin D and calcium are essential nutrients that are important to overall health. Likewise, in another cross-sectional study that enrolled 83 patients in CKD stages 3 to 5, dp-ucMGP was augmented according to CKD severity [66]. Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review of the Literature. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. After 1.5 years of treatment, MK-7 failed to show any beneficial effect on various markers of VC and stiffness, including PWV, coronary artery calcification score, and calcification of the cardiac valves. It should be noted that toxicity from vitamin K has never been reported in experimental studies, even with daily intake of 20 mg of vitamin K1 in pregnancy [101] or 2000 mg/kg MK-7 by body weight [102]. National Institutes of Health. Though this needs to be studied in more detail, current research on vitamin K2 and health is promising. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.020 Abstract Supplementation with calcium (Ca) and/or vitamin D (vitD) is key to the management of osteoporosis. Policy. To make matters worse, vitamin K2 deficiency is widespread in the average western diet. 2BLas Vegas NV 89102. Moreover, in a cohort of 188 HD patients, patients with more severe degrees of VC as assessed by Adragao and total calcification score had significantly lower plasma dp-cMGP levels, whereas dp-ucMGP was not correlated with the extent of VC [72]. Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Although VC is highly prevalent in ESKD patients, 15% of HD patients do not exhibit calcification of the vasculature even years after initiation of dialysis [39] due to the protection of natural calcification inhibitors. However, more high quality studies are needed before any strong claims can be made. MGP additionally activates the phagocytosis of these complexes by arterial macrophages and abrogates the expression of the calcification bone morphogenetic protein -2 (BMP-2) by antagonizing the binding of BMP-2 to its receptor [43,44,45,46,47]. The carboxylation of Glu causes significant alterations in the molecular structure of VKDPs, leading to their activation. Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), one the most powerful naturally occurring inhibitors of arterial calcification, requires vitamin K as a co-factor in order to undergo post-translational -carboxylation and phosphrorylation and become biologically active. Mansour A.G., Hariri E., Daaboul Y., Korjian S., El Alam A., Protogerou A.D., Kilany H., Karam A., Stephan A., Bahous S.A. Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipientsA single-arm, single-center clinical trial. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Dal Canto E., Beulens J.W., Elders P., Rutters F., Stehouwer C.D., van der Heijden A.A., van Ballegooijen A.J. Puzantian H., Akers S.R., Oldland G., Javaid K., Miller R., Ge Y., Ansari B., Lee J., Suri A., Hasmath Z., et al. A selection of K2 supplements can be found on Amazon. But lets focus here on bone health. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease, hemodialysis, Matrix Gla Protein, menaquinone-7, vascular calcification, vitamin K, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03311321","term_id":"NCT03311321"}}, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04539418","term_id":"NCT04539418"}}, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04900610","term_id":"NCT04900610"}}. Calcium. Furthermore, a close link between vitamin K deficiency and calciphylaxis has been suggested as well. vitamin K can reverse the effects of these drugs. By the end of this article, youll better understand why we should take these nutrients together to improve our overall health. Vitamin D supports bone health, builds immunity, as well as helps in improving energy and mood. Schlieper G., Westenfeld R., Kruger T., Cranenburg E.C., Magdeleyns E.J., Brandenburg V.M., Djuric Z., Damjanovic T., Ketteler M., Vermeer C., et al. Some subsequent studies found that vitamin K supplementation had no effect on bone mineral density. A study that analyzed data from the large Nurses' Health Study found that women who consumed less than 109 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin K per day were more likely to break a hip. Two large review studies concluded that evidence to recommend vitamin K supplements for this purpose is insufficient (14, 15). Over 99% of the body's calcium is present in the bones and teeth. Vitamin K activates proteins that play a role in blood clotting, calcium metabolism, and heart health. Why take vitamin K2 and calcium together? The ability for your blood to clot is what keeps you from bleeding out after an injury.
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